Effects of artificial light at night on daily and seasonal organization of European blackbirds (Turdus merula)

..................................................................................................................................................................................33 MECHANISMS OF ANNUAL TIMING....................................................................................................................................35 ANNUAL TIMING IN A CHANGING WORLD ......................................................................................................................44 ANNUAL CYCLES IN A CHANGING WORLD – OF HUMAN CONCERN? ....................................................................49 OUTLOOK.....................................................................................................................................................................................51 Chapter 3. The nightlife of city birds: artificial light at night affects daily activity patterns of European blackbirds (Turdus merula)...............................................53 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................................................55 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................................57 MATERIAL AND METHODS ....................................................................................................................................................59 RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................................................................65 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................................................72..................................................................................................................................................................................55 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................................................57 MATERIAL AND METHODS ....................................................................................................................................................59 RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................................................................65 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................................................72 Chapter 4. Clocks for the city: circadian differences between urban and rural songbirds ..................................79 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................................................8